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- May 2, 1988NATIONAn Apology to Japanese Americans
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- The Senate says they were wrongly interned during World War II
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- Like many historic mistakes, Executive Order 9066 won approval
- almost offhandedly. On Feb. 11, 1942, preoccupied by a
- two-front war, President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided not to
- bother with a meeting on the subject and simply said yes in a
- phone call to his Secretary of War, adding the bland advice, "Be
- as reasonable as you can." SIgned a week later, the order led
- to the roundup and internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans for
- the duration of World War II, an action that Hawaii Senator
- Spark Matsunaga calls the "one great blot on the Constitution."
- Last week the nation moved a step closer to expunging that
- stain. The Senate voted to give an apology and a tax- free
- payment of $20,000 to each of the 60,000 surviving internees.
- The bill must now go to the House, which has already passed a
- similar measure.
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- Most Americans feel obvious satisfaction at the expression of
- sorrow and the payment of what amounts to reparations for a
- woeful chapter in national history. Still, a number of ethical
- questions swirl around the issue. Chief among them: Was the
- internment justified in the context of its time? Is it
- necessary or right to apologize for a difficult decision made
- under unprecedented wartime pressure?
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- Certainly the hysteria that swept the West Coast after Pearl
- Harbor set the stage for some kind of drastic action. No rumor
- about Japanese Americans was too wild to be believed.
- Treasonous farmers were said to be growing tomatoes in
- arrow-shaped patches that pointed the way for enemy pilots to
- California defense plants. Nisei students were reported to be
- pouring into German-language classes at UCLA, presumably to help
- the Nazis. One story said wily Japanese saboteurs had quietly
- bought up land around West Coast military installations.
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- Government officials and opinion leaders played a large role in
- fanning the flames. For some reason, Navy Secretary Frank Knox
- said secret agents in Hawaii had effectively helped Japan,
- though he knew the statement was untrue. A Treasury Department
- official announced that 20,000 members of the Japanese-American
- community were "ready for organized action" to cripple the war
- effort. Earl Warren, then California attorney general, and
- Columnist Walter Lippmann echoed that theme with some remarkably
- paranoid reasoning: the lack of sabotage was an eerie sign,
- indicating that tightly disciplined Japanese Americans must be
- quietly planning some sort of massive, coordinated strike.
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- One reason apologies are due is that the U.S. acted against its
- own best information. The FBI had been watching the
- Japanese-American community for five years without noticing
- anything alarming. There is also evidence that the Justice
- Department did not tell the Supreme Court all it knew about the
- loyalty of Japanese Americans.
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- Columnist James J. Kilpatrick argues that fears of a Japanese
- invasion were not absurd at the time. But the Japanese
- military turned its attention far to the east immediately after
- Pearl Harbor. By the end of December 1941, Lieut. General John
- L. DeWitt, who commanded West Coast defenses, concluded that no
- invasion was likely. By the time F.D.R. signed the Executive
- Order, top Army and Navy commanders agreed that an invasion was
- almost impossible. Nonetheless the evacuation policy proceeded,
- partly to show that the Government was busy doing something.
- There simply was no military need to uproot Japanese-American
- families. U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle's later
- assessment should have been made at the time: "The program was
- ill advised, unnecessary and unnecessarily cruel."
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- "Hindsight has proven us wrong," said one of the naysayers,
- Nevada Senator Chic Hecht, as if the nation were punishing
- itself today simply for guessing wrong long ago. Bad guesses
- are not moral failings, but the sweeping suspension of rights
- for one racial group certainly is. People were interned if they
- were only one-eighth Japanese by blood. There were no camps for
- German Americans, despite real support for Germany and Hitler
- in the German-American Bund. And no camps were set up for
- Japanese Americans in Hawaii, where there were plenty of ethnic
- Japanese but no strong tradition of anti-Japanese resentments.
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- If the wrong is obvious, the ways to right it are not. Senator
- Malcolm Wallop of Wyoming, among others, strongly objected to
- the $20,000 payments: "Honor doesn't come with a dollar sign
- on it, and you don't buy it back." The objection is
- disingenuous, since Wallop thinks there is nothing to apologize
- for. It is also wrong-headed. Under the American system of tort
- law, wrongful harm is routinely acknowledged with cash payments.
- But to those interned, the formal apology and the removal of
- the stigma of disloyalty may count for far more than the cash.
- The country is also apologizing to itself for trampling its own
- core values. As the Senate bill says unflinchingly, the
- internment policy "was caused by racial prejudice, war hysteria
- and a failure of political leadership."
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- --By John Leo
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